Positioning and Differentiating Your Business free essay sample

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from E-Myth Worldwide. The E-Myth Mastery Program Module 2: E-Myth Marketing Fundamentals Business Development Process: MK-0040 Positioning and Differentiating Your Business Page 8 mistrust the people they will be dealing with. That presents you with the opportunity to position your business as friendly and filled with employees who enjoy helping customers. Or you might notice in target market â€Å"B† that honor and integrity are prized personal values and the dominant purchase preference is â€Å"performance† (they focus on reliability, dependability, and quality). This could lead you to position your business as one that â€Å"goes the extra mile to make it work right for you. † Once you learn to apply this approach, the possibilities are unlimited! Redefining Your Products With so many similar and competing products and services out there, redefining yours so that it stands out from all the rest is an important part of your Positioning Strategy. We will write a custom essay sample on Positioning and Differentiating Your Business or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The E-Myth Mastery Program Module 2: E-Myth Marketing Fundamentals Business Development Process: MK-0040 Positioning and Differentiating Your Business Positioning Strategy Worksheet (cont’d) Key product attributes I Functionality I Sensory impact I Unconscious associations I Conscious-mind conclusions I Price/value I Access/convenience How they apply in this market segment†¦ Key psychographic characteristics How they apply in this market segment†¦ This component requires that you describe your product in terms of its key attributes as perceived by the customer. For purposes of positioning, you don’t have to create a detailed product description – just a few words to identify the kind of product, plus a few phrases describing the one, two, or three attributes that make it stand out from all others. (Later, in Your Marketing Strategy, process MK-0060, you’ll create a detailed product description. ) Key Product Attributes: The Customer’s View Functionality Sensory Impact Unconscious Associations Conscious-Mind Conclusions Price/Value Access/Convenience Functionality. What the product does, especially what it does for the customer. Sensory impact. The sensory experience of the product. What does it look like? Sound, feel, taste, and smell like? Unconscious associations. What common unconscious associations is the product likely to trigger, and what emotional responses are likely to be stimulated by those associations? Derived from careful study of your Central Psychographic Worksheet for this market segment†¦ Conscious-mind conclusions. What are the logical, rational judgments and conclusions the conscious mind is likely to reach regarding this product? Price/value. Is the price of the product perceived as high, moderate, or low, and is the product worth its price? Access/convenience. Do customers have access to the product? How easily can they get it? Is it convenient – nearby, no hassles, minimal effort? Consider these examples of products that have been â€Å"redefined. † (We’ve noted the key product attributes used for the redefinition. ) How do you respond to them? Copyright  © 1986, 1988, 1994, 1996 by E-Myth Worldwide. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from E-Myth Worldwide. Copyright  © 1986, 1988, 1994, 1996 by E-Myth Worldwide. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from E-Myth Worldwide. The E-Myth Mastery Program Module 2: E-Myth Marketing Fundamentals Business Development Process: MK-0040 Positioning and Differentiating Your Business Positioning Strategy Worksheet (cont’d) The E-Myth Mastery Program Module 2: E-Myth Marketing Fundamentals Business Development Process: MK-0040

Documentación Para Niños Que Viajan Solos en EE.UU.

Documentacià ³n Para Nià ±os Que Viajan Solos en EE.UU. Cuando un nià ±o menor de 18 aà ±os  ingresa o sale de los Estados Unidos sin estar acompaà ±ado por sus dos padres o se dispone a viajar solo en un vuelo domà ©stico surge la duda sobre quà © documentacià ³n necesita. En este artà ­culo se explican cules son los documentos oficiales que pueden ser utilizados por los menores de edad estadounidenses para ingresar y salir  de Estados Unidos y tambià ©n se brinda un ejemplo de declaracià ³n jurada voluntaria, que puede ser conveniente para evitar problemas, y quà © puede suceder cuando el menor viaja con solamente un progenitor y se sospecha que puede no tener la autorizacià ³n del otro para salir del paà ­s. Asimismo, se informa sobre las reglas y directrices que aplican a los vuelos domà ©sticos de menores que viajar sin estar acompaà ±ados por un adulto. Finalmente y teniendo en consideracià ³n que cuando se cruzan aduanas internacionales hay que respetar las leyes del paà ­s de entrada y del de salida, se explica el caso de Mà ©xico debido a la frecuencia de viajes entre ese paà ­s y Estados Unidos por parte de menores. Documentacià ³n para viajes de nià ±os estadounidenses a otros paà ­ses En primer lugar, destacar que el menor estadounidense necesita estar documentado, asà ­ viaje por sà ­ solo o con sus padres. Entre la documentacià ³n aceptada para salir e ingresar a los Estados Unidos el  pasaporte americano es el documento por excelencia  para todos los  ciudadanos americanos, incluidos los nià ±os. Pero sacar un pasaporte americano para un nià ±o est sujeto a sus propias reglas que difieren un poco de las que aplican a los pasaportes de adultos. Por ejemplo, es necesaria la presencia de ambos padres y si uno  de los padres no quiere sacar el pasaporte para el hijo/a  solo caben excepciones muy particulares. Tambià ©n es necesario  llevar al infante a solicitar el pasaporte. Adems, si bien es cierto que el documento por excelencia es el pasaporte americano lo cierto es que adems se admiten otro tipo de papeles, dependiendo de la edad del menor, de si se llega por mar o tierra y del paà ­s de procedencia. Lo cual es especialmente à ºtil para los casos de cruce de aduanas terrestres entre Mà ©xico y Estados Unidos.   Las mismas reglas que aplican para que el menor salga de Estados Unidos sirven para que regrese. En el caso de que el pasaporte caduque estando en el exterior ser necesario solicitar otro nuevo en una embajada o consulado estadounidense. El nià ±o deber estar presente en la entrevista para el pasaporte. Documentacià ³n adicional cuando el nià ±o no viaja acompaà ±ado de ambos padres Es muy frecuente que un menor viaje al exterior o regrese a los Estados Unidos acompaà ±ado de sà ³lo el pap, sà ³lo la mam, otros familiares como abuelos, hermanos mayores, tà ­os, padrinos e incluso amigos, grupos escolares o religiosos, etc.  ¿Quà © dice la ley en estos casos? El gobierno federal de los Estados Unidos no establece obligatoriamente la necesidad de que estos adultos que acompaà ±an a los nià ±os lleven ninguna justificacià ³n de por quà © estn los nià ±os viajando con ellos. Sin embargo, la Policà ­a de Aduanas y Fronteras (CBP, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) puede pedirle al adulto que pruebe con un documento que puede viajar internacionalmente con el nià ±o.  ¿Quà © documento prueba  que el adulto que acompaà ±a al nià ±o cuenta con la autorizacià ³n de los dos padres? Segà ºn la CBP una declaracià ³n jurada firmada ante notario. Si el nià ±o viaja con un sà ³lo progenitor, el otro ha de firmarla. Y si viaja sin ninguno de los padres entonces en la declaracià ³n ha de estar la firma de los dos. La à ºnica excepcià ³n a esto es cuando uno de los padres tiene la custodia en exclusiva del menor. Como por ejemplo cuando es viudo/a, una corte ha establecido esa custodia en exclusiva o en el certificado de nacimiento consta sà ³lo el nombre de uno de los padres. En estos casos es suficiente la declaracià ³n con la firma del padre que tiene custodia, si bien  es bueno llevar tambià ©n la documentacià ³n que asà ­ lo acredita (birth certificate, death certificate, court decision, etc).   Ejemplo de declaracià ³n para justificar que un nià ±o no est viajando con ambos padres I (y a continuacià ³n escribir el nombre del pap y/o de la mam) acknowledge that my (poner aquà ­ la relacià ³n con el adulto que acompaà ±a al menor y su nombre, como por ejemplo wife, husband, father, mother, friend, etc) is travelling out of the country with my (son, daughter). He/She/they (segà ºn sea el caso)  have my permission to do so. Lo que en espaà ±ol vendrà ­a a decir que Yo, (y a continuacià ³n mi nombre) reconozco que mi (esposo/esposa, amigo, pap, mam, etc) viaja a otro paà ­s con mi (hijo, hija). El/Ella tiene mi permiso para hacerlo. Elegir las opciones correctas, firmarlo y fecharlo ante notario. Recordar que si ninguno de los paps acompaà ±a al nià ±o, debe haber dos declaraciones juradas, una por el mam y otra por el padre. Si el adulto que acompaà ±a al nià ±o en su guardin legal establecido asà ­ por una corte entonces no precisa de la autorizacià ³n de ninguno de los paps, pero es recomendable que viaje con el papel donde se le nombra guardin.  ¿Por quà © Estados Unidos puede pedir esta declaracià ³n certificada? El objetivo es proteger al nià ±o, particularmente en casos de secuestro internacional de menores, donde es frecuente que uno de los padres, sà ³lo o con ayuda de amigos o familiares, intente cruzar una frontera con un nià ±o a escondidas el progenitor con el que comparte custodia. Esto es un delito muy serio, incluso aunque el que lo haga sea uno de los padres y tenga la mejor de las intenciones. Viajar con esa declaracià ³n notarizada no es obligatorio. Pero si un agente la pide y no se tiene lo que va a pasar es que el adulto que acompaà ±a al menor va a ser retenido hasta que se puede demostrar que tiene permiso del otro padre o de ambos padres -segà ºn el caso- para viajar internacionalmente con el menor. Requisitos aerolà ­neas y de otros paà ­ses: el caso de Mà ©xico Cuando se viaja por avià ³n hay que verificar de antemano los requisitos de cada aerolà ­nea, ya que dependiendo del caso pueden ser incluso ms severas que las de las autoridades americanas. Adems, no olvidar que cuando se cruza una frontera hay que cumplir con las leyes de dos paà ­ses, no sà ³lo las de Estados Unidos. Asà ­ que verificar quà © pide el otro paà ­s para poder ingresar/sacar a un menor por sus fronteras cuando no est acompaà ±ado por ambos padres. Por ejemplo, las reglas de Canad son muy estrictas y las de Mà ©xico, tambià ©n.  Por ejemplo, si se viaja entre  Mà ©xico y Estados Unidos,  las de esas 2 naciones, destacando que  Mà ©xico  es un paà ­s que exige requisitos serios  en el caso de viajes de menores sin estar acompaà ±ados por su padre y su madre, al pedir que se llene el  Formato de Salida de Menores  (SAM). Documentos para nià ±os extranjeros ingresando en EE.UU. Los menores extranjeros deben tener pasaporte y documento que permita el ingreso que depender del caso de cada uno, por ejemplo, la tarjeta de residencia, una visa de turista o estudiante, una ESTA, etc. Documentos para nià ±os que viajan solos en vuelo domà ©stico en EE.UU. Como regla general la ley dice que los menores de 18 aà ±os no tienen que mostrar identificacià ³n para pasar por el control de seguridad. Sin embargo, cada aerolà ­nea est capacitada para establecer sus propias reglas. Por ejemplo, es comà ºn que exijan algà ºn tipo de identificacià ³n para permitir la compra del billete y emitir la tarjeta de embarque. Adems, sà ­ que se pide al adulto que acompaà ±a al menor al aeropuerto o lo recoge que muestre un I.D. con foto tipo licencia de manejar del estado. Adems, aunque no es necesario se surgiere que los menores que ya han alcanzado los 12 aà ±os de edad y, particularmente, si parecen muy grandes que lleven consigo una identificacià ³n con foto que no contenga su direccià ³n. El pasaporte, de Estados Unidos o de otro paà ­s, es la identificacià ³n ideal pero no la à ºnica que puede servir este propà ³sito. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal para ningà ºn caso concreto.

Project and Change Management Exam Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Project and Change Management Exam - Assignment Example In the Denver airport case, there were no alternative options that were initially considered. It was only after the failure of the automated baggage system when they started looking for other options. In terms of finances, expensive means of finance were used to raise the needed money for additional costs.2 2. In the ERP implementation at Bombardier Aerospace, insufficient planning, insufficient risk assessment, overestimated savings on new methods and switching tools in the middle of the project are some of the project classic mistakes that became evident. 3. The automated baggage system was a huge project, which required good estimations in terms of time and finances. To avoid poor estimation, the project should have been broken down into manageable phases.3 The classic mistake of insufficient risk assessment could have been avoided by engaging a risk officer who advises the company on risk measures and procedures. The risk of contractor failure could have been identified and mitigated. The project leaders should have involved and educated all the stakeholders and prevent conflicts and litigation against the organization. United Airlines, a major stakeholder, should have been involved at the start of the project so as to avoid future risks of litigation when the project is abandoned. 5. The project should have been re-assessed regularly to check if it is still valid. Most projects arise due to excitement and group enthusiasm which fades away as time goes by. Exit champions are the best in doing such re-assessments; they challenge the project based on realistic data. If new members were introduced to the Denver airport project, it would have been challenged and stopped much earlier. It ended up taking too long with no success at last because of involving the same people again and again.4 It is also suggested that control

Describe a model project to upgrade security at YOUR facility (or a Research Paper

Describe a model project to upgrade security at YOUR facility (or a fictional facility) using the process identified in the three part Security Architecture and Engineering series - Research Paper Example Security is based on three aspects that are enacting preventive obstructions purposed at deterring potential invaders, using surveillance measures to notify intrusions and methods to be used in apprehending the intruders. Upgrading of a security mechanism is essential in the sense that it averts the possibility of the incident of the risk protected against by creating the security measures stern thus reducing the incidence of the danger. This is a gauge that follows a comprehensive study of the safety system to make sure whether the system requires upgrading or substitution depending on the susceptibility of the system to be undermined (Atlas, 2005). This is aimed at protecting the asset from theft or any other risk that the owner of the asset needs security against .This is a research paper that involves a description of model project to upgrade security at a facility. The reader would be able to understand the importance of security upgrade after going through this paper (Fennelly, 2013). A successful security concept for safeguarding facilities nowadays emphasizes a growing alertness of technological advancements and emphasizes the incorporation of architectural perspectives, security systems and manpower and procedures so that they can be more efficient. Crimes comprising terrorist activities are the artifact of intentions other than means. Technology assists facilities detect the means interlopers use but not their objectives. The human part of the security force must establish the purposes and take actions to counteract them. The key expression describing risk control in todays world is incorporation (Atlas, 2005). Facilities require security upgrade to ensure the dynamic threat types are put at bay at all time and systems upgraded to counterbalance security measures. Computer security ideas and systems are measures employed in countering security threats within a facility. Concepts and

Effecyive team and preformance management Essay

Effecyive team and preformance management - Essay Example Challenges that can be faced by the recommendations 13 8. Conclusion 14 1. Summary The report highlights, analyzes and evaluates the team performance of the Electron Company, a small manufacturing company in North of England. The report identifies the critical factors that impact the team performance. The first section elaborates Bruce Tuckman’s Team Development Model and critically analyses how team dynamics and team formation has occurred in the case study. The second section of the report evaluates the effect of social loafing and cohesion on the success of an efficient team. The fourth section elaborates the recommendations for changes that are needed in the team focusing on the leadership and management styles. The last section points out the challenges that are faced by the recommendations made for the changes. Lastly a conclusion is given to sum up all that is learnt from the report and recommended in the report. 2. Introduction The report aims at analysing the Electron Company team case study with the help of Bruce Tuckman’s Team Development Model. It evaluates the performance of the team with reference to this model. Recommendations are also given to bring in changes in the working condition of the company. Electron Company, established in 1997, is a small manufacturing company which is located in North of England. It manufactures components for the telecommunications sector. The UK headquarters have 150 employees with 50 employees in the manufacturing department. The company follows a traditional business structure consist of sale/ marketing, engineering, human resource and manufacturing. It has both full-time staffs and part-time staffs. The electronic department has eight teams and each of which is named according to a colour. The team colours are white, red, blue green, silver, aqua, purple and yellow. The teams consist of 10 team members, some are on hired on temporary contracts and others are the full-time employees. Each teamâ€⠄¢s objective is to attain improved productivity within 2 months after the formation their team. The performances of the team are judged on the basis of how many electrical components they have made within this two months period. The team members are rewarded for achieving their improvements in the productivity. All the members of the successful team are paid bonus. The performance of the team is analyzed based on the Tuckman’s model of team development. 3. Bruce Tuckman’s Model analysing the formation of the team Bruce Tuckman identified five stages of development that every team practices and he also recommended that all teams confront a fairly unproductive primary stage before becoming an independent unit. The five stages are as follows: 3.1. Forming In the first phase the team formation takes place. The individual's behaviour is determined by a desire to be acknowledged by the others and also avoid controversy or conflict with others. Serious problems and feelings are seriously avoided and the people focus on being busy with their routine work. Individuals also collect information about each other and also about the scope of the task and how to advance with it. The team members gather and learn about the challenges and opportunities that they face and then they agree on the process which they will follow to eradicate the challenges and grab new opportunities. They are motivated for not to be ignorant of the problems and objectives of the team. Team members do their best for the well being of

Ethical Issues in Randomized Control Trials

Ethical Issues in Randomized Control Trials PROBLEM 1 A research team is conducting a Randomized Control Trial of a new drug to treat the common symptom of the Ebola virus (fever) over the past six (6) months. The experimental group consisted of female Ebola patients aged between 30 and 50 years to whom the new drug was administered. The control group consisted of male Ebola patients aged between 70 and 80 years. To this control group placebo, a substance that resembles medicine superficially and is believed by the patient to be medicine but that has no medicinal value was administered. Discuss ethical issues associated with this research design? Ebola virus disease also as (EVD) is a highly infectious and contaminating disease which has recently killed thousands especially in West African. This disease is a severe and most often fatal illness in humans. The Research design used Randomized Control Trial, however it does not state how it was able calculate the RCT sample size. The years in age of women and men are listed but we do not know how many participants the experiment had. This research conducted random sampling, was the randomization truly â€Å"random,† or are there really are two populations being studied here. It is very difficult to come up with two randomized age groups of men and women. As stated above Ebola is a very dangerous disease and one of the ethical issues in research is that vulnerable groups should not be used unless benefits outweigh the damages, the age group of men between 70-80yrs fall in that category as elderly. This research design would have been giving this vulnerable group a placebo m edicines (dumpy) to this group over a period of 6 months. How many individuals would have been lost to this fatal killer disease? The declaration of Helsinki states that in any medical study, every patient including those of a control group, if any should be assured of the best proven diagnostic and therapeutic method. The controlled group where not assumed of this, placebo control trials are justified when it comes to testing a new product like hair removing creams which has no permanent damage, with severe illness this cannot be acceptable .illness that are fatal and highly contagious when with a placebo control is not justifiable with Ebola because without any medical intervention they will die. The study design also shows large evidence of both allocation and performance bias, in a sense the women that were selection to the intervention group were specifically chosen to be in the intervention group, due to the fact that they will perform better, by facilitating quick and desirab le recovery compared to the elderly men whom their bodies cannot respond with the same efficiency. Lastly some of these elderly men are Husbands, Dads, Granddads, brothers of other people countless family will suffer endlessly over 6 months, whilst their relative is not getting any help at all. What modifications would you suggest on the research design in future? There is never a single way to follow when it comes to research, however they are research design which are more suitable and permit the evidence obtained to answer the initial question as explicitly as possible. In future I would use I would use Time series design. This is due to the fact that Time series design allows each participant to receive an intervention over a period of time and results are measured before and after any intervention. Hence reducing the fatality that are associated with Ebola but also making it less contagious if the medication is being effective. Another change I would introduce is to remove the placebo medication, one cannot be comparing a drug efficiency to a dumpy Placebo, and if it is a new medication then it will have to be compared to other similar drugs to assess its effectiveness instead of nothing, whilst humans are dying and others getting contaminated within that 6 months. Another change would be for the research not to use vulnerable elderly as the control group, hence using adolescent and young adult sample population, since they would give a clearer indication to the efficiency of the new drug. Lastly I would calculate a large enough sample size to increase the findings internal and external validity. Due to Ebola being fatal a sample size would help, by clarifying the total fatalities experience but most important the number of patients cured. PROBLEM 2 One of the leading causes of fast spread of HIV and AIDS in Africa is poverty particularly income poverty that forces unmarried women and girls to indulge in prostitution. In January2005, the IMF/World Bank designed a 10-year micro-finance targeting 1000 prostitutes. The aim of the project was to see a significant drop in the number of women or girls who indulge in this malpractice. To be registered as a beneficiary, interested women and girls were required submitted an application and pay a processing fee of MK500. A total of 2500 applications were received at the close of the deadline. To identify project beneficiaries, it was decided that a lottery be conducted and that all applicants be invited to witness the draw. After selecting the beneficiaries (i.e., treated group), a random draw was also conducted to select non-beneficiaries (i.e., control group). Discuss ethical issues associated with this research design? Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). AIDS develops from infection with HIV (human immunodeficiency Virus), which attacks the immune system and disables a person’s defenses against other diseases, including infections and certain cancers. This research used Random selection to find the 1000 participants it wanted to induct into the micro-finance program .Firstly the time frame of the project, the project was meant to run for 10 years and considering that this will have been an observation study design a lot of things can happen within the 10 years, which will affect the internal Validity of the findings. Secondly this Research design asked participants to pay for the application ,a sum of K500 which would total up to K1,250,000 million for the 2500 applicants. Research ethics prohibits payments that can potentially cause pressure, bribes and economic social disadvantages. Therefore many individuals who really need the help would have been excluded, subsequently them havi ng inability to source out the K500.It is also unethical asking money from a poverty group who happens to practice prostitution, they will engage in this malpractice to raise that K500, leading to the project not trying to stop prostitution but encouraging it on the other hand. Research designs have to respect the privacy and confidentiality of participants at all times. Conducting a Lottery where everyone is invited and dividing the treatment and control groups of prostitutes in front of a congregation hampers privacy and confidentiality ethics, this sort of exposure can result into the applicants looked down upon by community members. What modifications would you suggest on the research design in future? When it comes to payments, Research ethics promotes that participants should be suitably compensated for any expenses, compensated for effort, time or lost income, and acknowledged for their contribution.in total this research raised K1,250,000 million. The suitability of this money is not justifiable since IMF bank will actually be spending huge amounts monthly to sustain this project. I would remove this application fee so that its open to every suitable candidate without having financial hinders. The applicants were unmarried women and girls, I think that the focus should have been different since these are different age groups. The women can be put on the micro-financing plan whist the girls can be given a different option to continue on with education and the money directed towards their fees. To expand on that it would be better to teach the participants to fish rather than give them fish every time for 10 years, since when the project stops they will go back and continue with their malpractices (prostitution) .However if you can teach some of the women income generating activities and education for the girls then they will be able to become dependent and stop the prostitution altogether. This is known as transformative participatory monitoring and evaluation. Another change that I would install is the time span of the projects 10 years is a lot of time, I would change the Research design to Randomized Control Trial with Crossover design. This would allow all 2500 participants to partake, thus not having any control groups, but time sequence when they would be receiving the money, hence follow ups can be conducted to what the individuals are capable of with and without benefits. Futuristic speaking, I would change the design of the selecting process of the 2 groups, a Lottery selection were everyone is invited would be cancelled and conduct an expert panel to assess economic, social and health status of the applicants. Decisions would be made and benefici aries awarded to the real needy ones. REFERENCES Kazdin, A.E. (2010).Single-Case Research Designs: Methods for Clinical and Applied Settings, 2nd edition. New York: Oxford University Press. Millum,J Grady C. (2013) The ethics of placebo-controlled trials: methodological justifications.. Contemp Clin Trials.36(2):510-4 Rothman KJ, Michels KB: The continuing unethical use of placebo controls.N Engl J Med331:394–398,1994

Student- Teacher relationships will improve :: essays papers

Student- Teacher relationships will improve From the very first day of school on, student- teacher relationships will be improved in smaller classes. Patricia Handley has been an elementary school teacher for twenty-eight years. She has had the opportunity to teach in both small and large classes. On the first day of teaching her first small class Handley comments, â€Å"I immediately noted their sense of importance; no one seemed lost in the crowd† (2002). In a small class, as the students enter, the teacher can take the time to greet each one. The teacher will learn the names of the children faster. The quicker the student is called by his or her name and the more individual attention they get from the teacher, the more comfortable they are going to feel expressing themselves to the teacher in a learning environment. â€Å" In a class of fifteen students, we can quickly learn about one another and do so in more depth† (Handley, 2002). Each child is an individual. Once a teacher has the chance to get to know the students, they can work to accommodate the strengths and weaknesses in the learning process. Students will have a more worthwhile learning experience Many schools throughout the nation have tried smaller classes. Members of a teaching team in Narcoossee Community School in St. Cloud, Florida have commented that when students come back from summer vacation, they are enthusiastic to see everybody and begin the learning process, more so than before the program started (McGoogan, 2001). Group discussions can be a major part of a school day. In small classes, everybody can have a chance to participate. When students are able to speak to a class in their elementary years, they will gain confidence. If they get used to contributing to class discussions, more than likely, they will hold onto that and use it as they progress through high school and college. When students are in a smaller setting, they will get to know one another better, as well as the teacher. When students are comfortable with the people around them, they will not feel shy or intimidated to raise their hands to answer a question. As students share their ideas and feelings with their peers, they will enhance their learning. They will be able to learn from what others say and they will become more interested on the topic of the discussion if they are involved in some way.

Religious views on death penalty Essay

This is issue of death penalty has been talked of the town since it was started. All religious groups are not silent about such issue whether they are against on it or not but instead, they really demonstrated their strong conviction to disagree or agree on such act. Other religious groups consider it as inhumane and see ourselves having no right to stop the lives of others while other religious groups are on the opposite side. But most of the religious groups around the world have one cry which is to stop the death penalty practiced. In connection of this issue, there are sixteen principal religious organizations in the United States of America which have more than 1 million advocates that consists twelve Christian faith organizations, Atheism, Islam, Judaism and the group of people who do not have the religious identification. However, Christian groups have different perceptions regarding the death penalty issue. Below are the perceptions they projected regarding the death penalty: ? Some of the Evangelical congregations and Fundamentalist are showing support on death penalty which named as the â€Å"retentionist position†, while the Mennonites and Amish are on the different direction. The Conservative Protestants are known to be pro-life and even fight the idea of abortion yet in general; they are in favor on death penalty which comprises the taking of lives of those convicts. But they justified their being pro-life by opposing taking one’s life of innocent human being like embryo, fetus, newborn, child and others. But an individual who sits on the death row is guilty of offensive crimes and deserves to be punished of what he did (see â€Å"Present-Day Religious Group’s Policies Concerning the death Penalty†. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. Religious Tolerance. org). ? The mainline & liberal denominations and the Roman Catholic Church are against on death penalty (see â€Å"Present-Day Religious Group’s Policies Concerning the death Penalty†. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. Religious Tolerance. org). a. 1 Religious grounds. There are several passages in the Hebrew Scriptures that sentenced individuals to death if they go along with other spiritual path. From the King James Version of the Bible, Jehovah declared such execution for: a. 1. 1 following another religion: Exodus chapter 22 verse 20 says: â€Å"He that sacrificeth unto any god, save unto the Lord only, he shall be utterly destroyed† (see â€Å"The Death Penalty/Capital Punishment in the Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament). Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. Religious Tolerance. Org). a. 1. 2 a stranger entering the temple: Numbers chapter 1 verse 51 says: â€Å"†¦when the tabernacle is to be pitched, the Levites shall set it up: and the stranger that cometh nigh shall be put to death† (see â€Å"The Death Penalty/Capital Punishment in the Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament). Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. Religious Tolerance. Org). a. 1. 3 proselytizing: Deuteronomy chapter 13 verses 1-10 says that if an individual who attempts to persuade an Israelite to change his belief should be put to death (see â€Å"The Death Penalty/Capital Punishment in the Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament). Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. Religious Tolerance. Org). d. 1. 4 communicating with the dead: Leviticus chapter 20 verse 27 medium and spiritists whether male or female are executed by stoning (see â€Å"The Death Penalty/Capital Punishment in the Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament). Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. Religious Tolerance. Org). a. 1. 5 black magic: Exodus chapter 22 verse 18 says: â€Å"Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live (see â€Å"The Death Penalty/Capital Punishment in the Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament). Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. Religious Tolerance. Org). B. Problems arise due to death penalty a) Racism Wherever we go, racism is always present. The worst thing is, when racism also exists in giving a death penalty sentence to an accused. Does this â€Å"extreme penalization† applied fairly regardless to the class or race? Obvious and manifest racism is observed and witness too in courtrooms around the nation. In death penalty circumstances, the practice of pejorative and critical disgrace stirs up the flames of bias and partiality and to some extent permits the jury to adjudge unsympathetically and insensitively those they desire to incriminate for the said dilemma of the offense. There are several illustrations that can be given as examples: 1. â€Å"One of you two is going to hang for this. Since you’re the nigger, you’re elected. † These were the words enunciated by a Texas police officer to Clarence Brandley who was penalized in murdering of a white high school girl. And in 1990, Brandley was found guiltless after ten years on death row (Bailey, Harris, & Jones, 2005). 2. Another circumstance was when there was a preparation going on for the penalty phase of an African-American defendant’s trial, a white judge from Florida stated in an open court: â€Å"Since the nigger mom and dad are here anyway, why don’t we go ahead and do the penalty phase today instead of having to subpoena them back at cost to the state. † Anthony Peek received a death penalty sentence from the court and in 1986; the Florida Supreme Court established and confirmed the sentenced for a review due to his claim of racial bias (Bailey, Harris, & Jones, 2005). 3. A certain prosecutor from Alabama provided his justification and cause for striking number possible jurors the verity that they were associated with Alabama State University, mainly black organization. The said excuse and ground were deliberated race neutral by the said reviewing court. 4. An election campaign happened in 1997 for Philadelphia’s Distinct Attorney; it was divulged and made known that one of the said candidates had wrought – serves as an Assistant D. A. – a preparation video for recent prosecuting attorneys in which he commanded them about whom to keep out and leave out in the cold from the adjudicators which noted that â€Å"young black women are very bad† on the adjudicators for a prosecuting attorney and further stated â€Å"blacks from low-income areas are less likely to convict. † 5. Judge Earl Blackwell in Missouri gave out a signed press release all about his jurisdictional election proclaiming his recent association with the Republican Party at the same time ruling over a death penalty circumstance in opposition to a jobless African-American perpetrator. The mentioned press release specified and indicated that: [T]he Democrat party places far too much emphasis on representing minorities . . . people who don’t’ (sic) want to work, and people with a skin that’s any color but white . . . . The magistrate has repudiated a motion to rescue himself from the said trial. Brian Kinder-the perpetrator- was found guilty and punished to death and in 1996, Missouri’s Supreme Court asserted it (Bailey, Harris, & Jones, 2005). These were just the illustrations given which are figurative of a more methodical and orderly racism and they give us the scenarios of how racism and insensitivity occurred when somebody is facing an execution. According to Richard C. Dieter in his article entitled â€Å"The Death Penalty in Black and White: Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Decides† stated that â€Å"In Philadelphia, the death sentences’ raw data in the middle of 1983 and 1993 gives the primary piece of alarming and distressing indication that racism is still happening. The rate mentioned of qualified black defendants who were penalize to death reached about 40 percent compared to the rates for other qualified defendants. Below is chart taken from http://www. deathpenaltyinfo. org/article. php? scid=45&did=539. There is another statistical data in Death Penalty States which shows a risk of Racial Discrimination and was taken again from http://www. deathpenaltyinfo. org/article. php? scid=45&did=539. ** The state which has no death penalty race data is accessible. *** The state which has no death sentences enforced as of January 1, 1998. =Solitary findings whose calculations were statistically important and substantial, or where the ratio amongst death sentencing -or prosecutorial charging- rates (example amongst black victim and white victim circumstances) was 1. 5 or greater and having an example dimension of at least 10 cases in every group, were contained within. The differences and inequalities in nine states-SC, MS, GA, KY, CA, NJ, NC, PA and CO-are based on well-controlled investigation and analysis. The calculations in different states are from less well-controlled findings and are lone evocative. =The total race of victim difference apart from solitary, Delaware, were in the route of more death sentences in white victim cases. =the total race of defendant difference apart from two, Tennessee and Florida, were in the route of more death sentences for black defendants or accused. Another article written by Dudley Sharp advocated that â€Å"despite the fact that whites and blacks include about an equal number of murder victims, the relation or proportion of white-to-black injured parties in death-penalty situations is about 7-to-1. † b) Myth of Racism in Death Penalty In an article entitled â€Å"Myth of racism in Death Penalty† published in one of the websites in the internet explained that â€Å"regardless of the assertions of death penalty adversaries, there is still slight indication and confirmation that prejudiced prosecuting attorneys are more obsessive and fervent on the order of pursuing the death penalty in opposition to the African-Americans- commented by the legal observers- or which adjudicators are directing blacks to death row frequently. The substantiation implies black murder perpetrators are no supplementary like to get death sentences compared to whites even though at the end part of the year 1996, there was about 42 percent of death row convicts were African-Americans. According to federal statistics in 1996, there were 43. 2 percent of pugnacious offense cases and 54. 9 percent of all offense cases, and the criminals involved were African-Americans, predominantly due to the fact that young black males perpetrate an inconsistent number of offenses mainly in opposition to other blacks. On the other hand, according to the U. S. Justice Department’s Bureau of Justice Statistics whites took into custody for manslaughter or homicide- other than inattentive homicide- are more susceptible to death sentence compared to blacks, about 1. 6 percent of whites against 1. 2 percent of blacks. And white death-sentence convicts are supplementary like to be put to death since 1977 until 1996; about 7. 2 percent of white convicts were put to death in comparison to 5. 9 percent of blacks. Another study presents that the federal death penalty is exercised excessively and unreasonably in opposition to minorities most especially to African Americans and which it is put into practiced in a topographically random and subjective way-with several states such as Texas and Virginia- reporting for an enormous share of death penalty trials and hearings. According to DOJ information and statistics that it is approximately 80 percent of prisoners on federal death row are Hispanic, Black or from other smaller or lesser group. Smaller groups report and explain for 74 percent of the cases in which federal prosecuting attorneys search and strive for death penalty. The worst scenario is when racism also presents in giving death sentence to a defendant. Does this â€Å"intense penalization† practiced justly regardless to its race? In death penalty situations, the practice of critical and pejorative disgrace stirs up the flames of bias and partiality and to some extent allows the jury to convict insensitively and unsympathetically to those who they wish implicate such punishment (see Dieter, R. C. â€Å"The Death Penalty in Black and White: Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Decides†. June 1998). The newest exoneration is of John Ballard, no. 123 of Florida on the 23rd day of February 2006. The table below shows the exonerations by race and was taken from â€Å"Innocence and the Death Penalty: DPIC (http://www. deathpenaltyinfo. org/article. php? did=412&scid=6#inn-yr-rc). Race Number of Exonerations Black 62 White 48 Latino 12 Other 1 c. ) Who Gets the Death Sentence? According to an article entitled â€Å"How Racism Riddles the U. S. Death Penalty† explained that â€Å"in 1972, the U. S. Supreme Court was stricken down almost altogether death penalization in the state due to its reason that found them to be unpredictable and capricious and intensely not fair-Furman v. Georgia. In a cracked 5-4 judgment, every Justice wrote his own point of view and several cited indications of racial prejudices. In Gregg v. Georgia, the Court has proven and established a recent generation of capital decrees which assure and guarantee equal impartiality. At present, there are 38 states that practiced death penalty. Since Greg, there was about 5,000 people have been sentenced to death and about 682 executions have been performed. Most of those on the death row are the people who have different races. There was about 42 percent solely for the Black men of all death row prisoners even though they report for only 6 percent of people who live in the United States of America. Racism is found not only in the Southern part where most of the United States implementation and execution are taking place. In a study made by George Woodwort and David Baldus showed that blacks who reside in Philadelphia are four times more likely to receive the death penalty compared to other defendants or accused who execute the same murders. The Philadelphia has put 133 people on the death row which is more than most southern states. About 89 percent of the said qualified defendants or accused for death sentence are people of color. d. ) Who Receives an Execution? Since 1976, approximately half of the executed have been people of different race together with sole blacks’ record for about 35 percent. Everybody said that about 82 percent have been executed to death for the murder of a white person. And compared to white, only 1. 8 percent was executed because the defendant was convicted of killing of an African, an Asian, or Latin descent. In every two persons executed, one is a black since 1930. Since the conception of death penalty, problems regarding such punishment have never ended. The questions start popping up from different walks of life whether death penalty involves racism or not, the risks in executing the innocent and the debates of pro and anti. However, as we can see the chart below, it simply shows that the death penalty penalization to Black Americans lessens for almost four decades (chart below was taken from http://www. ojp. usdoj. gov/bjs/glance/drrace. htm). e.) Risks on executing the innocent Another problem that arises is the risk of executing an innocent man. We cannot say how many of the 1,000 individuals sentenced with capital punishment since 1976 may possibly innocent. The courts will not think about and entertain the claims of innocence if the accused is already executed. The defense attorneys of the defendant, who is still alive, will move on other cases to save his/her client from such punishment. An example of case was of Ruben Cantu of Texas. He was convicted in 1985 and executed in 1993. The accused Ruben Cantu determinedly and insistently claimed that he was innocent from the crime and was 17 years of age when accused with capital murder for killing a man from San Antonio and attempted robbery cases. After the execution, the jury and the prosecutor have shown their doubts regarding the case. In addition, the witness against Cantu and the co-defendant of Cantu have come into conclusion that Cantu was an innocent man (see â€Å"Additional Innocence Information: Executed but Possibly Innocent†. Death penalty information Center). If this scenario continuously happens, it is not surprising why we still have rallies against death penalty. f. ) The debates of pro and anti This issue between the anti and pro regarding death penalty practice never dies because of different beliefs, principles and experiences and both sides have an argument and stand points. The anti and pro both want justice for people they are defending. F. Public opinion polls on the death penalty In a survey conducted by Harris poll in 1965, there was approximately 38% of United States poll respondents are pro and supported death penalty while there were about 47% who are against of it. But in 2001, the atmosphere changed. From 38% of death penalty advocates, it increased up to 67% while the anti decreased from 47% down to 26%. But just this year of 2006, there was a great increased on the side of those who believed on death penalty. A census made by Sam Houston State University discovered that there were approximately 73. 4% of respondents countrywide that are in favored on death penalty for individuals charged with murder while for those 20. 1% anti-death penalty believed on life imprisonment without parole (see â€Å"Public Opinion Polls on the Death Penalty†. Death Penalty Statistics, March 24, 2005). G. Death penalty statistics From the 23rd day of February 2006, there have been 123 exonerations in different states in the United States of America. The chart below shows the denominations of convicts sentenced by death penalty (see â€Å"Exonerations by State†. Innocence and the Death Penalty. DPIC). STATE NO. STATE NO. Florida 22 Massachusetts 3 Illinois 18 Missouri 3 Louisiana 8 Indiana 2 Texas 8 So. Carolina 2 Arizona 8 Idaho 1 Oklahoma 7 Kentucky 1 Pennsylvania 6 Maryland 1 Georgia 5 Mississippi 2 No. Carolina 5 Nebraska 1 Alabama 5 Nevada 1 Ohio 5 Virginia 1 New Mexico 4 Washington 1 California 3. Every year, the rate of exonerations rose drastically. But the irony is that, the more it is practiced and applied, the more the people commit crimes and offenses. The more they are aware of such act, the more they become â€Å"rebellious† and commit crimes without hesitation. From 1973 up to 1998, the average of exonerations every year was 2. 96. But since 1998 up until 2003, the average has increased from 2. 96 to 7. 60 exonerations. In 2004, there were about 6 exonerations. The graph below is accurate as of 11th of July 2006 and shows the number of exonerations every year (see â€Å"Exonerations by Year†. Innocence and the Death Penalty. DPIC). III. Recommendations A. Possible remedies or alternatives to abolish death penalty. There are several remedies on how to abolish death penalty. One of these is life imprisonment. The anti-death penalty group views and believes that life imprisonment is an efficient alternative for capital punishment, that death penalty will just lead to insufficient of justice and violates the rights of the convicts (Bumiller, 1999). Moreover, death penalty is more costly than having life imprisonment. In a 1993 Duke University study presented that the capital punishment in North Carolina amounts more than 2. 16 million dollars in every execution compared to life imprisonment. The New Mexico State Republic Defender Department approximated the state in 1996 that if there will be no death penalty; there will be a saving of 1 to 2. 5 USD million dollars on the Public Defender (see â€Å"Murder Victims’ Families for Reconciliation, Inc. May 24, 2006). Additionally, the Floridians for Alternatives to the Death Penalty (FADP) acknowledges and advocates the society’s responsibility to defend every person from individuals who are treacherous especially those who are convicts. Not only that, FDAP also looks after the welfare of the convicts. FADP views death penalty as a negative public policy. The organization suggested a practical and worthwhile alternative for capital punishment. This is when an individual charged with capital murder, he must serve in the prison for 25 years before he can receive the possible reconsideration for parole. And while the convict is in prison, he should be given a job that is dignified. And a fraction of his earnings must be used to pay for his incarceration and another fraction will go to a funding for the victims of ferocious crimes. The funds also give financial assistance to those families that have lost their â€Å"bread winner† because of crimes (see â€Å"Yes Friends, there is an alternative to the death penalty! † Floridians for Alternatives to the Death Penalty (FADP). IV. Conclusion We should always remember that every action we do have a consequence, whether it is good or bad. As I study this issue, I learned that I should not be one sided but be opened for any different views regarding death penalty issue. My views were widened that both pro and anti are having valid reasons why they fight and stand out for their beliefs and principles. But, I have noticed that the more death penalty is practiced, the crime rates increase instead of decreasing. So, as my conclusion, it is better to stop death penalty not because I am against or pro but because the crime rates did not lessen as what others think of. Moreover, if in case death penalty will not be abolished, I would suggest that the judge must be careful in giving such punishment. They must review the death sentence they have given to the accused to avoid mistakes and spare the lives of the innocence. And for the legislators, they should think-through the laws they make. They should not make laws which are always in favor in their race or color. References 1. â€Å"Human Rights: Death Penalty†. Derechos Human Rights. http://www. derechos. org/dp/ 2. â€Å"Early Death Penalty Laws†. History of the Death Penalty, p. 1. http://deathpenaltyinfo. msu. edu/c/about/history/history-1. htm 3. Executions in the U. S. 1608-1978: The Espy File. DPIC, 2006 http://www. deathpenaltyinfo. org/article. php? scid=8&did=269 4. â€Å"Methods used to execute people†. Facts about capital punishment: Part 1: Data and Trends. Religious Tolerance. org. http://www. religioustolerance. org/execut3. htm#met 5. â€Å"Present-Day Religious Group’s Policies Concerning the death Penalty†. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. Religious Tolerance. org). http://www. religioustolerance. org/execut7. htm 6. â€Å"The Death Penalty/Capital Punishment in the Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament). Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. Religious Tolerance. Org. http://www. religioustolerance. org/exe_bibl1. htm 7. Dieter, R. C. â€Å"The Death Penalty in Black and White: Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Decides†. June 1998. http://www. deathpenaltyinfo. org/article. php? scid=45&did=539 8. â€Å"Additional Innocence Information: Executed but Possibly Innocent†. Death penalty information Center. http://www. deathpenaltyinfo. org/article. php? scid=6&did=111#executed 9. â€Å"Public Opinion Polls on the Death Penalty†. Death Penalty Statistics, March 24, 2005. http://justice. uaa. alaska. edu/death/stats. html 10. â€Å"Exonerations by State†. Innocence and the Death Penalty. DPIC. http://www. deathpenaltyinfo. org/article. php? did=412&scid=6 11. â€Å"Exonerations by Year†. Innocence and the Death Penalty. DPIC. http://www. deathpenaltyinfo. org/article. php? did=412&scid=6 12. â€Å"Murder Victims’ Families for Reconciliation, Inc. May 24, 2006. http://www. mvfr. org/DeathPenaltyFacts. htm 13. â€Å"Yes Friends, there is an alternative to the death penalty! † Floridians for Alternatives to the Death Penalty (FADP). http://72. 14. 253. 104/search? q=cache: YUqcUlOTl9MJ:www. fadp. org/docs/alternatives. pdf+Alternative+for+death+ penalty&hl=en&gl=ph&ct=clnk&cd=4&client=firefox-a 14. Bailey, S. H. , Harris, D. J. , and Jones, B. L. Civil Liberties: Cases and Materials. 2d ed. , 2005. London: Butterworths. Standard legal textbook referring principally to British law. 15. Bumiller, Kristin. The Civil Rights Society: the Social Construction of Victims. Baltimore; London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999. Concise scholarly study.

Transcultural Nursing in relation to Holistic Nursing Practice The WritePass Journal

Transcultural Nursing in relation to Holistic Nursing Practice Introduction Transcultural Nursing in relation to Holistic Nursing Practice IntroductionTranscultural NursingThe Culture Care Diversity and Universality Theory by Madeleine LeiningerThe Sunrise EnablerThe Ethno-nursing MethodHolistic Nursing PracticeThe Theory of Environmental Adaptation by Florence NightingaleTranscultural Nursing vs. Holistic Nursing PracticeConclusionReferencesRelated Introduction Diversity of the world’s population has reached a point where it is vital to address and more importantly to understand, the ever growing challenge that transcultural nursing poses to the nursing profession. Addressing this issue avoids discrimination and promotes equality within holistic nursing practice in order to meet patients’ needs. Health care professionals should be qualified to deliver, on a daily basis, proficient care and sensitive skilled communication to culturally different individuals (Maier-Lorentz, 2008). To exercise professional nursing in a conceptual way holistic nursing care focuses on physical, emotional, social, environmental and spiritual aspects as well as on the idea that any individual involved in treatment care should be treated as a whole and with dignity (Dossey Guzzetta, 2005). One of the areas to be discussed is Transcultural Nursing and Leininger’s Transcultural Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality and its research enablers: the Sunrise Enabler and the Ethnonursing Method. Another area will be Holistic Nursing Practice and Nightingale’s Nursing Theory of Environmental Adaptation as well as the liaison between Transcultural Nursing and Holistic Nursing Practice. Nightingale’s theory has been chosen over others because she was the first to acknowledge nurses’ work in a theoretical framework and also because she was considered to be the mother of nursing practices (Ellis, 2008). The development of culture care theory introduced health care professionals into a new nursing dimension formed by issues such as culture background, spirituality, environment and others that demonstrated how culture and health care are linked (Leininger, 2002a). Holistic Nursing Practice encourages active communication and reciprocal understanding, underlines the exercise of physiological and psychosocial awareness, it is based on logical thinking and supports values such as autonomy and patient wishes and tendencies (MacKinnon, 2010). Transcultural Nursing Transcultural nursing may be defined as a method to contrast and observe how individuals view health care, biased by their culture background. The principles of practising transcultural nursing are to provide complete nursing care to individuals or groups by treating them with respect and taking into account their cultural factors. It is all about nursing practice applied to cultural values and limitations (Leininger, 1991). Definitions of transcultural nursing incorporate many factors that shape the individual’s cultural orientation. These include are age, sexual orientation and financial aspects. It has been suggested that by ignoring these culture background factors, health care professionals do not achieve enough cultural experience to be incorporated in holistic nursing practice (Barnes et al. 2000). This absence might lead to unsafe nursing care and both dissatisfied patients and professionals (Curren, 2006 cited in Leininger McFarland, 2006, pp.159-160). To promote transcultural nursing care, Narayan (2001) felt that there are four crucial attitudes to assume caring, empathy, openness and flexibility. This shows the patients a cultural understanding, appreciation, consideration and willingness from health care professionals that are based on individual care. Cultural education and the creation of culturally competent care professionals are one of the biggest challenges yet to tackle worldwide. For instance, in America, as the migrant population increases notably so it does the need for reducing inequalities and barriers such as language. Maier-Lorentz (2008) firmly understood that such a need could be met by the targeting of bilingual health care professionals coming from different backgrounds. Moreover, she suggested that in order to provide culturally competent nursing care, some knowledge of non-vocal communication signs could be of great value, as it is in eye contact, touch, silence, space and distance, and health care habits. Green-Hernandez (2004) recommended that as a step towards multicultural competency, professionals that need to deal with farmers should familiarize themselves with their specific customs such as using animal medication for their own conditions as a consequence of living far away from the care institutions. With the purpose of understanding culture, Andrews Boyle (1997) gave out diverse illustrations. For example, they suggested that by understanding a people’s proverbs, professionals may grasp knowledge of the cultural values shared by that population. The authors also stressed the importance of culture knowledge when coming across two different ways to view stealing. For one culture it may not be acceptable whereas for another one, e.g. gipsy people, it may be ok, as long as it is coming from a better-off person. Furthermore, they also found, through researchers, that different cultures may think that by being a demanding patient, the treatment they receive may improve. Riley (2004) reported that a foremost test for nurses in an ethnically different society is communication. Not just words but also tone and volume form spoken communication which in diverse cultures differs greatly. For example, Thai people are regarded as not talking too much as they believe it is a sign of idiocy whereas Cuban people are happy with talking vociferously. He also pointed out that Europeans are not afraid of talking about emotions whereas Asians are hesitant to do so. With regards to communication without words Riley (2004) explained that eye contact is not always expected. For instances, in Native America and Asian cultures it is offensive and among Muslim Arab women it is allowed only to their husbands. Therefore, he identified the importance for healthcare professionals to be culturally aware. Phillimore (2011) explored the challenge of provision of diversity needs in the UK based on studies done on health care service provision to new migrants, during 2007/08 in Birmingham. She stated that with political forces wanting to reduce welfare support for new migrants, such provision becomes quite a challenge. She also believed that, in the long run, this disregarding of health care needs will lead to further issues for the health care system that otherwise could be avoided by just providing what is needed now: cultural and language services and health support. It was also suggested that in today’s political climate offering of ethnically specific provision by the community and for the community, results in the local needs not being met, as the existing GP systems are already overstretched. She concluded that a number of migrants are condemned to an unwelcoming future since UK seems to embrace a tendency of anti-migrant sentiment and a move to community institution instead of multicultural provision (Phillimore, 2011). The Culture Care Diversity and Universality Theory by Madeleine Leininger In the 1950’s Madeleine Leininger, a nurse-anthropologist, realised that nursing practice was requiring a theory to allow people to transform nursing into a more advanced and beneficial discipline that challenges nurses to open up to cultural variety and universality (Leininger, 2006). This was developed as a response to the demand for multicultural care which was immense and yet incomplete as many healthcare systems did not consider the need for bringing together culture and nursing care (Giger Davidhizar, 2008). The culture care diversity and universality theory developed by Leininger in 1991 (Leininger, 2002a) is unique in that it focuses on competent care, can be used upon any culture and is based not only on individuals but groups and families too. The theory addresses the importance of a consistent cultural competence instrument to acquire cultural awareness through a constant learning attitude and approval towards human differences and rights by health care professionals (Burford, 2001, cited in Baxter, 2001, pp. 202-203). Leininger (2002a) insisted on the importance of transcultural knowledge as a tool to avoid human acts such as the event of September 11, 2001. She then proposed the culture care theory as the most holistic approach to gradually transform the health system. This much needed transformation requires understanding of individuals in ways that identify and respect their cultural background and will lead us to understand such transcultural dismay. The theory was used in a study among Hispanic home care patients in the US, 2007, in order to identify cultural needs. As a result, care delivery improved in some areas and there was a suggestion describing the use of the model as a tool to reduce costs in the health care system (Woerner et al. 2009). Leininger’s theory applies not only to races from different backgrounds but also to today’s controversial groups such as transgendered people, disabled people , the youth, poverty and the homeless that may pose a certain degree of difficulty of understanding to healthcare professionals. There is also an agreement that, thanks to Leininger’s culture care theory, the nursing profession today knows how to allow for culture when looking after individuals and has a widely spread   caring philosophy in hospitals (Clarke et al. 2009). For this model to assist the health care professional to understand factors as important as management and policies, as well as being able to reflect on their decisions and actions, Leininger designed two tool assessments, The Sunrise Enabler and the Ethno Nursing research method, which are based on monitoring treatment care on a daily basis (Hubbert, 2006, cited in Leininger McFarland, 2006, pp. 354-356). The sunrise enabler focuses mainly on total life ways and caring factors influencing health and well-being, disabilities and death. It also identifies features influenced by the patient’s cultural background whereas ethnonursing finds ways in which multicultural care could be better. In doing so, the reflected culture becomes part of the holistic nursing practice (Leininger, 2006). The Sunrise Enabler The Sunrise Enabler is used as an assessment tool to enable multidisciplinary teams to deliver suitable and competent cultural assessments that impede intolerance and stereotype behaviour. This is to supply the healthcare system with a guide to cultural vicinities ranging from religious beliefs to economic factors (Giger Davidhizar, 2008). Wherever a healthcare professional starts the model either from the top or from the bottom, the most important feature is to listen to the individuals, trying to grasp ideas and concepts rather than enforcing them (Leininger, 2002a). Healthcare professionals struggled to understand the meaning of factors influencing the care practice so crucial when applying the culture care theory. Such factors as culture beliefs, environment and religion were to be included in the nursing care, therefore Leininger (1997) built the Sunrise Enabler to illustrate such aspects. The Ethno-nursing Method This method was developed to fit the purposes of qualitative research methods. It is a systematic method for studying multiple cultures and care factors within a familiar environment of people and to focus on the interrelationships of care and culture to arrive at the goal of culturally congruent care. Ethnonursing is a particular research method developed by Leininger to inspect the theory. It was developed to allow health care professionals to discover new ways of helping different cultural groups distinguish features of nursing care (Leininger, 2006). Leininger (2006, p.6) stated that the ethnonursing method â€Å"†¦was new and unknown in nursing and was different from other qualitative methods including ethnography†. Holistic Nursing Practice The exercise of modern nursing is based on the view of holism that underlines the individual’s wholeness. Healing viewed as an indication of nursing practice that treats people as whole, developed in the late 20th and early 21st century into a popular subject in nursing in order to clarify the meaning of wholeness and holism. As a result, alternative therapies surfaced as approaches of practice in holistic nursing (Locsin, 2002). The definition of holistic came into effect in the 20th century. Then the word holism included the physical, emotional, mental, social, cultural, and spiritual view. This view of holism was envisioned by Florence Nightingale who is seen today as an example to follow, although many of her studies are not used in today’s nursing practice (Beck, 2010). â€Å"Holistic nursing care embraces the mind, body and spirit of the patient, in a culture that supports a therapeutic nurse/patient relationship, resulting in wholeness, harmony and healing. Holistic care is patient led and patient focused in order to provide individualised care, thereby, caring for the patient as a whole person rather than in fragmented parts† (McEvoy Duffy, 2008, Vol.8, p. 418). Furthermore, it addressed the expansion of multidisciplinary and collaborative teams as a way to applying holistic care into practice and asserted that the practice of holistic care by health professionals should avoid intrusion and, when really needed, as it is the case of unconscious patients, should use skills that include aspects such as consideration, disciplined criticism and liability in order to exercise nursing in a holistic approach (McEvoy Duffy, 2008). Since individuals from different culture backgrounds may appreciate holistic nursing practice and care choices in different ways so is the healthcare provided in different ways (Locsin, 2001). It may also be the case that some individuals may feel embarrassed to mention alternative remedies used in the past, therefore the assessment should be supportive rather than disapproving (Maddalena, 2009). Pearcey (2007) ran a study on clinical practices amongst student nurses to draw on a few key points related to holistic nursing practice. It was found that the notion of holistic care was not clear within nursing practice. Some students claimed not to know the right meaning of holistic nursing practice and also claimed that tasks and routines are what nursing is all about. The study showed an evident lack of professionalism and knowledge amongst care professionals as well as a huge gap between what is taught and what is really applied at work. The author concluded that there is a real risk of inconsistency within the profession. Within the practice of holistic care there has been lately a huge influence of alternative or complementary medicine which care experts have tried to professionalise by setting certain values to be met. A study amongst nurses and midwives accomplished in England, 2008, revealed this but also the lack of initiative from the NHS to incorporate such practices, even though it was demonstrated that a huge variety of them were successfully applied on patients where biomedicine seemed not to work. Such practices included reflexology, aromatherapy, acupuncture and massage that actually underlined biomedicine rather than substituted (Cant et al. 2011). Whilst carrying out an interview on medical students in the UK, a student suggested that it is actually a catch-22-situation when looking after patients from diverse races as they have diverse predominance of whatever conditions that eventually will require different treatment, a world apart from what is being taught in medical schools with regards to treating everyone in the same way (Roberts et al. 2008). A quick look to Harrison (2008) for a concluding comment on multicultural nursing in relation to holistic care, offers us this brief view: a Western health care organism that has not managed to treat minority communities in a holistic manner is a system that claims to care for one and all identically. The Theory of Environmental Adaptation by Florence Nightingale According to Nightingale’s Theory of Environmental Adaptation, an individual’s health is improved by looking after the surrounding environment. It goes further than this and asks for the environment to be operated by the health care professionals as an approach to healing (Howett et al.   2010). Florence Nightingale defined nursing as â€Å"†¦the act of utilising the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery† (Funnell et al. 2009). She determined that the deficiency of factors such as uncontaminated air, clean water, sanitation, hygiene and sunlight is unhealthy to the human being. Furthermore, she reasoned that temperature, environment and nutrition affect the patient (Kozier, et al. 2008). This theory of nursing includes inspection, recognition of environment changes and their execution and supporting the patient health care by allowing the environment to benefit the patient (Neils, 2010). Selanders (2010) reviewed and compared this theory’s aspects with modern day practice and reported that Nightingale’s concept, such as air, light, noise and cleanliness is equal to today’s concept of physical environment; health recommendations to psychological environment; food to nutritional status and observation to nursing management. The author also estimated that the theory has been used in several qualitative works and some studies on the childbirth process. Transcultural Nursing vs. Holistic Nursing Practice According to Leininger (2002b) patients are not provided full holistic care by health professionals. Factors such as kinship, religion, environment and culture are largely missing. For that reason, care professionals should avoid being judgmental when delivering holistic care and rather provide an all-inclusive care that respects the individual’s cultural background (Maddalena, 2009). As a student nurse, it is vital to value the development of cultural awareness and competency within the profession in order to encourage and address all stages of holistic nursing practice as it is meaningful to today’s multicultural society. Leininger (1997) also claimed that essential practice is needed to create a regulation of multicultural nursing that could be of use to much ignored cultures. For example, acute medical treatment, medication, and patient fulfilment can be improved by understanding care beliefs when bringing in nursing care which, in turn, could save the health care system financially and also have a desired positive outcome on patients (Woerner et al. 2009). Individuals or groups may clash with health professionals if they are not showing respect for each other’s cultural beliefs resulting in poor treatment and patients losing hope in the health care system. Hogg (2010a) also underpinned this understanding as crucial to delivering accurate holistic nursing practice. However, not only patients may lose faith in the system. Hogg (2010b) also affirmed that nurses from black and minority ethnic have suffered, at some point, racial harassment as well as lack of opportunities according to their numbers in the nursing profession. As holistic nursing practice centres on recognition of patients’ rights and choices (Potter, 2005 cited in Dossey et al. 2005, p.347), it is subsequently supporting the meaning behind multicultural care. The association of both precepts confirms an ongoing engagement to pursue equality and diversity as promoted by the Nursing Midwifery Council (2008). â€Å"Inherent in nursing is respect for human rights, including cultural rights, the right to life and choice, to dignity and to be treated with respect. Nursing care is respectful of and unrestricted by considerations of age, colour, creed, culture, disability or illness, gender, sexual orientation, nationality, politics, race or social status† (The International Council for Nurses, 2005). When assessing, planning, implementing and evaluating a patient’s needs as to medication, health professionals should take into account culture’s physiologic traits, as it can seriously impact the treatment. For instances, due to genetics, for one patient a normal given dose may develop a reaction whereas for another it may not work at all (Anon, 2005). Conclusion It is obvious that cultural competency is a must when performing holistic nursing practice, in order to deliver a responsive and high quality care system. It is therefore recommended that specific cultural training should be given to all health care professionals so as to not overlook the great multi-cultural society we all are in. As society becomes more diverse, health care professionals should expand guiding principles that sponsor cultural skills as a way to deliver enhanced holistic healthcare. By carrying out this essay, the author realises the significance of treating people in a holistic way and not making assumptions just because they are from different cultures. This is something that seems yet not to be well implemented in my workplace (NHS since 2007). The author will, from now on, be more aware of his practice when caring for individuals from different culture backgrounds. It can be considered that nursing as a profession is also an example of human culture so indispensable for a in peak condition community, as seen looking through the theories of nursing and its tools presented in this paper, which if not recognized may affect the execution of holistic practice and its results, i.e. it is a profession whose culture needs to be elastic if it is to fulfil its function. 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How to Add Leading Zeroes to a Number (Delphi Format)

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Think of your own Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Think of your own - Essay Example After World War II, a completely new development phase emerged. Therefore, the term development is in a great way based upon how the western world conceptualized it, regardless of the thoughts of the other world regions Development as a concept has various definitions. These definitions mostly rely on the context under which the term is used. For instance, whereas the 1987petit Robert dictionary defines development as a form of progress, growth, blossoming, expansion and extension, president Julius Nyerere of Tanzania implied that the term refers to a process that enables persons to live fulfilling and dignified lives in addition to building self-confidence. He went further to argue that the term refers to a process that tends to free people from exploitation and unfulfilled potential. On the other hand, human development report (1991) implied that the primary goal of development is to increase the number of available choices while increasing participation and democracy. Between 1870 and 1940, the great nations of the world commenced what they termed as ‘development’. From the onset, they considered their ideas, opinions and actions as acts that represented development. These ideas also represented an affluent society. Other non-European countries were therefore backward, and under developed. European colonization was the first step to the application of western development concepts. This venture was carried out without the United States. The Europeans in some instances took the conquered regions as extensions of the respective European countries. The Europeans visited most of the previously unvisited areas. The League of Nations developed an internationalism approach. It implied that the world had to look united. The internationalism of the League of Nations enabled the colonizers to profit greatly from their conquests by basically recognizing each other’s rights. These devious plans enabled the nations to sway the

Refugees and Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Refugees and Human Rights - Essay Example During the fight, her sister and female cousin were raped by local youths and home was looted and told them that their brother was traitor as he working for Oberons. It is clear that Helena was not present during the period when war broke out between two communities. And moreover there is a hint of insecurity and chances are there that she would also be meted out with same treatment if she goes to Xanadu. Under the Article 1 (A) (1) and (2), Helena has the right to claim asylum because she was present in Kensington at the time of fight and is more probably to face the wrath of local youths who have raped her sister and female cousin. It is deemed to understood that it the rape on two females were politically motivated because of the assumed connection of her brother with Oberon, which is a rival political group. Article 1 (F) (a) also states that the provisions of the Conventions will not be applicable to the person with record of crime committed against peace, humanity, or non polit ical crimes outside the country, or is guilty of acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations. Helena is not involved in any of these mentioned above in Article 1 (F) (a) and is rightly applicable to seek asylum in Kensington because it is party to the UNHCR declaration of 1951, the 1967 Protocol and the 1950 ECHR and has agreed upon that the human beings shall enjoy fundamental rights and freedom without any discrimination and all the member states would assure refugees the widest possible exercise of these fundamental rights and extend the scope of protection. (UNHCR) Therefore, under the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, Helena can seek asylum in Kensington as per the Article 1 (A) (1) and (2) and Article 1 (F) (a). Helena needs to provide necessary documents and proof of future persecution in her country of origin. She should be able to satisfy the definition of 'persecution' under Article 1(A) (4). Lopez-Galarza v. I.N.S., 99 F.3d 954 (9th Cir.1996) In the above case, the petitioner Lopez Galarza was raped and subject to various types of physical abuse due to political conflict. The Unites States Court agreed upon that Lopez - Galarza had satisfied the definition of 'persecution' and can be availed asylum. (www.1.umn.edu) 2. Pyramus Case of deporting him back to Xanadu Pyramus has already been granted refugee status in Kensington. The government of Kensington has decided to deport Pyramus for his alleged fundraising activities for Titanian Liberation Movement which is considered as a terrorist organization. The Kensington government has the right to deport Pyramus as per Article 2 which states that every refugee has to conform to the laws and legislations of the country in which he/she is taking refuge for maintenance of public order, which was violated by Pyramus through fundraising activity for Titanian Liberation Movement. But as per the article 32 (1)(2)(3), the contracted states shall not expel a refugee lawfully in their territory save on grounds of national security or public order - expulsion shall only be in pursuance of a decision reached in accordance with due process of law. The refugee will be allowed to submit evidence to get cleared from the accusation only in the issues of national security and will be represented before competent authority or any other person or